KMID : 0352720210450010134
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Journal of Ginseng Research 2021 Volume.45 No. 1 p.134 ~ p.148
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Ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 inhibit transforming growth factor-¥â1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppress migration, invasion, anoikis resistance, and development of stem-like features in lung cancer
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Kim Hyun-Hee
Choi Pil-Ju Kim Tae-Jung Kim Young-Seok Song Bong-Geun Park Young-Tae Choi Seon-Jun Yoon Cheol-Hee Lim Won-Chul Ko Hyeon-Seok Ham Jung-Yeob
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Abstract
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Background: Lung cancer has a high incidence worldwide, and most lung cancer-associated deaths are attributable to cancer metastasis. Although several medicinal properties of Panax ginseng Meyer have been reported, the effect of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) stimulated by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- ¥â1) and self-renewal in A549 cells is relatively unknown.
Methods: We treated TGF-¥â1 or alternatively Rk1 and Rg5 in A549 cells. We used western blot analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), wound healing assay, Matrigel invasion assay, and anoikis assays to determine the effect of Rk1 and Rg5 on TGF-mediated EMT in lung cancer cell. In addition, we performed tumorsphere formation assays and real-time PCR to evaluate the stem-like properties.
Results: EMT is induced by TGF-¥â1 in A549 cells causing the development of cancer stem-like features. Expression of E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, decreased and an increase in vimentin expression was noted. Cell mobility, invasiveness, and anoikis resistance were enhanced with TGF-¥â1 treatment. In addition, the expression of stem cell markers, CD44, and CD133, was also increased. Treatment with Rk1 and Rg5 suppressed EMT by TGF-¥â1 and the development of stemness in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, Rk1 and Rg5 markedly suppressed TGF-¥â1-induced metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP2/9) activity, and activation of Smad2/3 and nuclear factor kappa B/extra-cellular signal regulated kinases (NF-kB/ERK) pathways in lung cancer cells.
Conclusions: Rk1 and Rg5 regulate the EMT inducing TGF-¥â1 by suppressing the Smad and NF-¥êB/ERK pathways (non-Smad pathway).
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KEYWORD
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Ginsenosides, Lung cancer, Panax ginseng Meyer, Transforming growth factor ¥â1
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